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【TED】六分钟了解四十亿年人类进化史

 

If we evolved from monkeys. why are there still monkeys? [AI] 如果我们是从猴子进化而来的。为什么还有猴子? (Laughter) [AI] (众笑) Well. because we're not monkeys. [AI] 好因为我们不是猴子。 we're fish. [AI] 我们是鱼。 (Laughter) [AI] (众笑) Now. knowing you're a fish and not a monkey [AI] 现在知道你是条鱼而不是猴子 is actually really important to understanding where we came from. [AI] 这对了解我们的来历非常重要。 I teach one of the largest evolutionary biology classes in the US. [AI] 我教美国最大的进化生物学课程之一。 and when my students finally understand why I call them fish all the time. [AI] 当我的学生终于明白为什么我总是叫他们鱼的时候。 then I know I'm getting my job done. [AI] 那我就知道我正在完成我的工作。 But I always have to start my classes by dispelling some hardwired myths. [AI] 但我总是要在开始上课时消除一些根深蒂固的误解。 because without really knowing it. many of us were taught evolution wrong. [AI] 因为我不知道。我们中的许多人被教导进化论是错误的。 For instance. we're taught to say "the theory of evolution." [AI] 例如。我们被教导说“进化论” There are actually many theories. and just like the process itself. [AI] 实际上有很多理论。就像过程本身一样。 the ones that best fit the data are the ones that survive to this day. [AI] 最符合数据的是那些存活至今的。 The one we know best is Darwinian natural selection. [AI] 我们最了解的是达尔文的自然选择。 That's the process by which organisms that best fit an environment [AI] 这是生物体最适合环境的过程 survive and get to reproduce. [AI] 生存并繁殖。 while those that are less fit slowly die off. [AI] 而那些不太健康的人会慢慢死去。 And that's it. [AI] 就这样。 Evolution is as simple as that. and it's a fact. [AI] 进化就这么简单。这是事实。 Evolution is a fact as much as the "theory of gravity." [AI] 进化和“引力理论”一样是一个事实 You can prove it just as easily. [AI] 你可以很容易地证明这一点。 You just need to look at your bellybutton [AI] 你只需要看看你的肚脐 that you share with other placental mammals. [AI] 和其他胎盘哺乳动物一样。 or your backbone that you share with other vertebrates. [AI] 或者你与其他脊椎动物共用的脊椎。 or your DNA that you share with all other life on earth. [AI] 或者你与地球上所有其他生命共享的DNA。 Those traits didn't pop up in humans. [AI] 这些特征并没有在人类身上出现。 They were passed down from different ancestors [AI] 他们是从不同的祖先传下来的 to all their descendants. not just us. [AI] 给他们所有的子孙。不仅仅是我们。 But that's not really how we learn biology early on. is it? [AI] 但这并不是我们早期学习生物学的方式。它是? We learn plants and bacteria are primitive things. [AI] 我们知道植物和细菌是原始的东西。 and fish give rise to amphibians followed by reptiles and mammals. [AI] 鱼类产生了两栖动物,其次是爬行动物和哺乳动物。 and then you get you. [AI] 然后你就明白了。 this perfectly evolved creature at the end of the line. [AI] 这是一种进化完美的生物,在队伍的尽头。 But life doesn't evolve in a line. [AI] 但生命不是一条直线进化的。 and it doesn't end with us. [AI] 它不会在我们身上结束。 But we're always shown evolution portrayed something like this. [AI] 但我们总是看到进化论是这样描述的。 a monkey and a chimpanzee. [AI] 一只猴子和一只黑猩猩。 some extinct humans. [AI] 一些已经灭绝的人类。 all on a forward and steady march to becoming us. [AI] 所有人都在向成为我们的目标迈进。 But they don't become us any more than we would become them. [AI] 但他们不会变成我们,就像我们不会变成他们一样。 We're also not the goal of evolution. [AI] 我们也不是进化的目标。 But why does it matter? [AI] 但这又有什么关系呢? Why do we need to understand evolution the right way? [AI] 为什么我们需要以正确的方式理解进化? Well. misunderstanding evolution has led to many problems. [AI] 好对进化的误解导致了许多问题。 but you can't ask that age-old question. [AI] 但你不能问那个老问题。 "Where are we from?" [AI] “我们从哪里来?” without understanding evolution the right way. [AI] 没有正确理解进化。 Misunderstanding it has led to many convoluted and corrupted views [AI] 对它的误解导致了许多复杂和腐败的观点 of how we should treat other life on earth. [AI] 我们应该如何对待地球上的其他生命。 and how we should treat each other [AI] 我们应该如何对待彼此 in terms of race and gender. [AI] 在种族和性别方面。 So let's go back four billion years. [AI] 让我们回到40亿年前。 This is the single-celled organism we all came from. [AI] 这是我们都来自的单细胞生物。 At first. it gave rise to other single-celled life. [AI] 一开始它催生了另一种单细胞生命。 but these are still evolving to this day. [AI] 但时至今日,这些仍在不断发展。 and some would say the Archaea and Bacteria [AI] 有人会说古细菌和细菌 that make up most of this group [AI] 他们构成了这个群体的大部分 is the most successful on the planet. [AI] 是这个星球上最成功的。 They are certainly going to be here well after us. [AI] 他们肯定会在这里追我们的。 About three billion years ago. multicellularity evolved. [AI] 大约30亿年前。多细胞性进化。 This includes your fungi and your plants and your animals. [AI] 这包括你的真菌、植物和动物。 The first animals to develop a backbone were fishes. [AI] 最早形成脊骨的动物是鱼类。 So technically. all vertebrates are fishes. [AI] 技术上是这样。所有脊椎动物都是鱼。 so technically. you and I are fish. [AI] 技术上是这样。你和我是鱼。 So don't say I didn't warn you. [AI] 所以不要说我没有警告你。 One fish lineage came onto land [AI] 一个鱼类血统来到了陆地 and gave rise to. among other things. the mammals and reptiles. [AI] 并产生了。除其他外。哺乳动物和爬行动物。 Some reptiles become birds. some mammals become primates. [AI] 有些爬行动物会变成鸟。有些哺乳动物变成灵长类动物。 some primates become monkeys with tails. [AI] 有些灵长类动物变成有尾巴的猴子。 and others become the great apes. including a variety of human species. [AI] 还有一些变成了大猩猩。包括各种各样的人类物种。 So you see. we didn't evolve from monkeys. [AI] 你看。我们不是从猴子进化而来的。 but we do share a common ancestor with them. [AI] 但我们确实与他们有共同的祖先。 All the while. life around us kept evolving: [AI] 一直以来。我们周围的生活不断演变: more bacteria. more fungi. lots of fish. fish. fish. [AI] 更多的细菌。更多的真菌。很多鱼。鱼鱼 If you couldn't tell -- yes. they're my favorite group. [AI] 如果你说不出来——是的。他们是我最喜欢的团体。 (Laughter) [AI] (众笑) As life evolves. it also goes extinct. [AI] 随着生命的进化。它也会灭绝。 Most species just last for a few million years. [AI] 大多数物种只能存活几百万年。 So you see. most life on earth that we see around us today [AI] 你看。我们今天看到的地球上的大多数生命 are about the same age as our species. [AI] 和我们的物种年龄差不多。 So it's hubris. it's self-centered to think. [AI] 所以这是自大。思考是以自我为中心的。 "Oh. plants and bacteria are primitive. [AI] “哦,植物和细菌都是原始的。 and we've been here for an evolutionary minute. [AI] 我们已经在这里进化了一分钟。 so we're somehow special." [AI] 所以我们有点特别。" Think of life as being this book. an unfinished book for sure. [AI] 把生活想象成这本书。肯定是一本未完成的书。 We're just seeing the last few pages of each chapter. [AI] 我们只看到每章的最后几页。 If you look out on the eight million species [AI] 如果你留意八百万物种 that we share this planet with. [AI] 我们与之共享这个星球。 think of them all being four billion years of evolution. [AI] 想象一下,它们都是40亿年的进化。 They're all the product of that. [AI] 它们都是这个过程的产物。 Think of us all as young leaves on this ancient and gigantic tree of life. [AI] 把我们都想象成这棵古老而巨大的生命之树上的嫩叶。 all of us connected by invisible branches not just to each other. [AI] 我们所有人都通过看不见的树枝联系在一起,而不仅仅是彼此之间。 but to our extinct relatives and our evolutionary ancestors. [AI] 但是对于我们已经灭绝的亲戚和我们进化的祖先。 As a biologist. I'm still trying to learn. with others. [AI] 作为一名生物学家。我还在努力学习。和其他人一起。 how everyone's related to each other. who is related to whom. [AI] 每个人之间的关系。谁是谁的亲戚。 Perhaps it's better still [AI] 也许更好 to think of us as a little fish out of water. [AI] 把我们当作一条离开水的小鱼。 Yes. one that learned to walk and talk. [AI] 对学会走路和说话的人。 but one that still has a lot of learning to do [AI] 但是还有很多东西要学 about who we are and where we came from. [AI] 关于我们是谁,我们来自哪里。 Thank you. [AI] 非常感谢。 (Applause) [AI] (掌声)

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