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【TED】电脑能写诗吗

 

I have a question. [AI] 我有个问题。 Can a computer write poetry? [AI] 电脑能写诗吗? This is a provocative question. [AI] 这是一个具有挑衅性的问题。 You think about it for a minute. [AI] 你考虑一下。 and you suddenly have a bunch of other questions like: [AI] 你突然有了一大堆其他的问题,比如: What is a computer? [AI] 什么是计算机? What is poetry? [AI] 什么是诗? What is creativity? [AI] 什么是创造力? But these are questions [AI] 但这些都是问题 that people spend their entire lifetime trying to answer. [AI] 人们一生都在试图回答这个问题。 not in a single TED Talk. [AI] 一次TED演讲都没有。 So we're going to have to try a different approach. [AI] 所以我们必须尝试一种不同的方法。 So up here. we have two poems. [AI] 所以在这里。我们有两首诗。 One of them is written by a human. [AI] 其中一本是人类写的。 and the other one's written by a computer. [AI] 另一个是电脑写的。 I'm going to ask you to tell me which one's which. [AI] 我要请你告诉我哪个是哪个。 Have a go: [AI] 试一试: Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play. / My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away. [AI] 诗1:小苍蝇/你夏天的游戏我那轻率的手[刷]掉了。 Am I not / A fly like thee? / Or art not thou / A man like me? [AI] 我不是像你一样的苍蝇吗或者你不是像我这样的人? Poem 2: We can feel / Activist through your life's / morning / [AI] 诗2:在你生命的早晨,我们可以感受到你的活力/ Pauses to see. pope I hate the / Non all the night to start a / great otherwise (...) [AI] 停下来看看。pope我讨厌/不喜欢整晚开始一场/伟大的比赛,否则(…) Alright. time's up. [AI] 好吧时间到了。 Hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第一首诗是人类写的,请举手。 OK. most of you. [AI] 好啊你们大多数人。 Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第二首诗是人类写的,请举手。 Very brave of you. [AI] 你真勇敢。 because the first one was written by the human poet William Blake. [AI] 因为第一本是人类诗人威廉·布莱克写的。 The second one was written by an algorithm [AI] 第二个是由算法编写的 that took all the language from my Facebook feed on one day [AI] 这一天就把我Facebook上的所有语言都拿走了 and then regenerated it algorithmically. [AI] 然后通过算法重新生成。 according to methods that I'll describe a little bit later on. [AI] 根据我稍后将描述的方法。 So let's try another test. [AI] 让我们再做一次测试。 Again. you haven't got ages to read this. [AI] 再一次你没有足够的时间来阅读这篇文章。 so just trust your gut. [AI] 所以只要相信你的直觉。 Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks. It is interesting / and fascinating [AI] 诗1:狮子吼叫,狗吠叫。这很有趣 that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark. Enthralling stories about animals [AI] 鸟会飞,不会吼叫或吠叫。关于动物的引人入胜的故事 are in my dreams and I will sing them all if I / am not exhausted or weary. [AI] 在我的梦中,如果我不疲惫,我会把它们全部唱出来。 Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos. sequins. chocolate sodas! / You are really beautiful! [AI] 诗2:哦!袋鼠。亮片。巧克力汽水!/你真漂亮! Pearls. / harmonicas. jujubes. aspirins! All / the stuff they've always talked about (...) [AI] 珍珠口琴。枣子。阿斯匹林!他们一直在谈论的所有事情(…) Alright. time's up. [AI] 好吧时间到了。 So if you think the first poem was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第一首诗是人类写的。 put your hand up. [AI] 把手举起来。 OK. [AI] 好啊 And if you think the second poem was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第二首诗是人类写的。 put your hand up. [AI] 把手举起来。 We have. more or less. a 50/50 split here. [AI] 我们有。或多或少这里五五分之一。 It was much harder. [AI] 这要困难得多。 The answer is. [AI] 答案是。 the first poem was generated by an algorithm called Racter. [AI] 第一首诗是由一种叫做莱克特的算法生成的。 that was created back in the 1970s. [AI] 这是在20世纪70年代创建的。 and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O'Hara. [AI] 第二首诗是一个叫弗兰克·奥哈拉的人写的。 who happens to be one of my favorite human poets. [AI] 他碰巧是我最喜欢的人类诗人之一。 (Laughter) [AI] (众笑) So what we've just done now is a Turing test for poetry. [AI] 所以我们现在做的是一个图灵诗歌测试。 The Turing test was first proposed by this guy. Alan Turing. in 1950. [AI] 图灵测试最初是由这个家伙提出的。艾伦·图灵。1950年。 in order to answer the question. [AI] 为了回答这个问题。 can computers think? [AI] 计算机能思考吗? Alan Turing believed that if a computer was able [AI] 艾伦·图灵认为如果计算机能够 to have a to have a text-based conversation with a human. [AI] 要想拥有一个虚拟世界,就必须与人进行基于文本的对话。 with such proficiency such that the human couldn't tell [AI] 如此熟练以至于人类无法分辨 whether they are talking to a computer or a human. [AI] 不管他们是在和电脑还是人说话。 then the computer can be said to have intelligence. [AI] 那么计算机可以说是有智能的。 So in 2013. my friend Benjamin Laird and I. [AI] 2013年也是如此。我和我的朋友本杰明·莱尔德。 we created a Turing test for poetry online. [AI] 我们创建了一个在线诗歌图灵测试。 It's called bot or not. [AI] 这叫不叫机器人。 and you can go and play it for yourselves. [AI] 你可以自己去玩。 But basically. it's the game we just played. [AI] 但基本上。这是我们刚才玩的游戏。 You're presented with a poem. [AI] 你收到了一首诗。 you don't know whether it was written by a human or a computer [AI] 你不知道它是人类写的还是计算机写的 and you have to guess. [AI] 你得猜。 So thousands and thousands of people have taken this test online. [AI] 成千上万的人在网上参加了这项测试。 so we have results. [AI] 所以我们有了结果。 And what are the results? [AI] 结果如何? Well. Turing said that if a computer could fool a human [AI] 好图灵说如果计算机能愚弄人类 30 percent of the time that it was a human. [AI] 30%的时间它是人类。 then it passes the Turing test for intelligence. [AI] 然后它通过了图灵智力测试。 We have poems on the bot or not database [AI] 我们在机器人上有诗,或者没有数据库 that have fooled 65 percent of human readers into thinking [AI] 这已经愚弄了65%的人类读者 it was written by a human. [AI] 这是一个人写的。 So. I think we have an answer to our question. [AI] 所以我想我们的问题已经有了答案。 According to the logic of the Turing test. [AI] 根据图灵测试的逻辑。 can a computer write poetry? [AI] 电脑能写诗吗? Well. yes. absolutely it can. [AI] 好对当然可以。 But if you're feeling a little bit uncomfortable [AI] 但是如果你觉得有点不舒服 with this answer. that's OK. [AI] 有了这个答案。没关系。 If you're having a bunch of gut reactions to it. [AI] 如果你对它有一系列的本能反应。 that's also OK because this isn't the end of the story. [AI] 这也没关系,因为这还不是故事的结尾。 Let's play our third and final test. [AI] 让我们进行第三次也是最后一次测试。 Again. you're going to have to read [AI] 再一次你得读书 and tell me which you think is human. [AI] 告诉我你认为哪个是人类。 Poem 1: Red flags the reason for pretty flags. / And ribbons. [AI] 诗1:红旗美丽旗帜的原因还有丝带。 Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material. (...) [AI] 旗带/和耐磨材料/耐磨材料的原因。(...) Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest. / I've heard the daffodil [AI] 诗2:受伤的鹿跳得最高我听过水仙花的声音 I've heard the flag to-day / I've heard the hunter tell; / [AI] 今天我听到了旗帜的声音/我听到了猎人的诉说/ 'Tis but the ecstasy of death. / And then the brake is almost done (...) [AI] “这不过是死亡的狂喜。”然后刹车几乎完成了(…) OK. time is up. [AI] 好啊时间到了。 So hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第一首诗是人类写的,请举手。 Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human. [AI] 如果你认为第二首诗是人类写的,请举手。 Whoa. that's a lot more people. [AI] 哇。那是很多人。 So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1 [AI] 所以你会惊讶地发现那首诗1 was written by the very human poet Gertrude Stein. [AI] 是由人类诗人格特鲁德·斯坦写的。 And Poem 2 was generated by an algorithm called RKCP. [AI] 诗2是由一种叫做RKCP的算法生成的。 Now before we go on. let me describe very quickly and simply. [AI] 在我们继续之前。让我简单快速地描述一下。 how RKCP works. [AI] RKCP的工作原理。 So RKCP is an algorithm designed by Ray Kurzweil. [AI] 所以RKCP是Ray Kurzweil设计的一种算法。 who's a director of engineering at Google [AI] 谁是谷歌的工程总监 and a firm believer in artificial intelligence. [AI] 而且是人工智能的坚定信徒。 So. you give RKCP a source text. [AI] 所以为RKCP提供源文本。 it analyzes the source text in order to find out how it uses language. [AI] 它分析源文本以了解它是如何使用语言的。 and then it regenerates language that emulates that first text. [AI] 然后它重新生成模拟第一个文本的语言。 So in the poem we just saw before. [AI] 所以在我们刚才看到的诗中。 Poem 2. the one that you all thought was human. [AI] 诗2。那个你们都认为是人类的人。 it was fed a bunch of poems by a poet called Emily Dickinson [AI] 它由一位名叫艾米丽·狄金森的诗人写了一大堆诗 it looked at the way she used language. [AI] 这是她使用语言的方式。 learned the model. [AI] 学习了模型。 and then it regenerated a model according to that same structure. [AI] 然后根据相同的结构重新生成一个模型。 But the important thing to know about RKCP [AI] 但是关于RKCP最重要的是要知道 is that it doesn't know the meaning of the words it's using. [AI] 就是它不知道它所用的词的意思。 The language is just raw material. [AI] 语言只是原始材料。 it could be Chinese. it could be in Swedish. [AI] 可能是中国人。可能是瑞典语。 it could be the collected language from your Facebook feed for one day. [AI] 它可能是从你的Facebook订阅源中收集的一天的语言。 It's just raw material. [AI] 这只是原材料。 And nevertheless. it's able to create a poem [AI] 尽管如此。它可以创作一首诗 that seems more human than Gertrude Stein's poem. [AI] 这似乎比格特鲁德·斯坦的诗更人性化。 and Gertrude Stein is a human. [AI] 格特鲁德·斯坦是一个人。 So what we've done here is. more or less. a reverse Turing test. [AI] 所以我们在这里所做的就是。或多或少反向图灵测试。 So Gertrude Stein. who's a human. is able to write a poem [AI] 所以格特鲁德·斯坦。谁是人类。他会写一首诗 that fools a majority of human judges into thinking that it was written by a computer. [AI] 这愚弄了大多数人类法官,使他们认为这是电脑写的。 Therefore. according to the logic of the reverse Turing test. [AI] 因此根据反向图灵测试的逻辑。 Gertrude Stein is a computer. (Laughter) [AI] 格特鲁德·斯坦是一台计算机。(众笑) Feeling confused? [AI] 感到困惑吗? I think that's fair enough. [AI] 我认为这很公平。 So far we've had humans that write like humans. [AI] 到目前为止,我们已经有了像人类一样写作的人类。 we have computers that write like computers. [AI] 我们有像计算机一样书写的计算机。 we have computers that write like humans. [AI] 我们有像人类一样书写的计算机。 but we also have. perhaps most confusingly. humans that write like computers. [AI] 但我们也有。也许最令人困惑的是。像计算机一样写字的人。 So what do we take from all of this? [AI] 那么我们从这一切中得到了什么呢? Do we take that William Blake is somehow more of a human [AI] 我们是否认为威廉·布莱克更像人类 than Gertrude Stein? [AI] 而不是格特鲁德·斯坦? Or that Gertrude Stein is more of a computer than William Blake? [AI] 还是说格特鲁德·斯坦比威廉·布莱克更像一台电脑? (Laughter) [AI] (众笑) These are questions I've been asking myself [AI] 这些是我一直在问自己的问题 for around two years now. [AI] 大约两年了。 and I don't have any answers. [AI] 我没有任何答案。 But what I do have are a bunch of insights [AI] 但我确实有很多见解 about our relationship with technology. [AI] 关于我们与技术的关系。 So my first insight is that. for some reason. [AI] 所以我的第一个见解是。出于某种原因。 we associate poetry with being human. [AI] 我们把诗歌与人联系在一起。 So that when we ask. "Can a computer write poetry?" [AI] 所以当我们问的时候。“电脑能写诗吗?” we're also asking. [AI] 我们也在问。 "What does it mean to be human [AI] “这对人类意味着什么 and how do we put boundaries around this category? [AI] 我们如何界定这一类别? How do we say who or what can be part of this category?" [AI] 我们如何说谁或什么可以属于这一类别?" This is an essentially philosophical question. I believe. [AI] 这本质上是一个哲学问题。我相信。 and it can't be answered with a yes or no test. like the Turing test. [AI] 而且不能用“是”或“否”来回答。比如图灵测试。 I also believe that Alan Turing understood this. [AI] 我也相信艾伦·图灵明白这一点。 and that when he devised his test back in 1950. [AI] 当他在1950年设计他的测试时。 he was doing it as a philosophical provocation. [AI] 他这样做是出于哲学上的挑衅。 So my second insight is that. when we take the Turing test for poetry. [AI] 所以我的第二个见解是。当我们参加图灵诗歌测试时。 we're not really testing the capacity of the computers [AI] 我们并不是在真正测试计算机的容量 because poetry-generating algorithms. [AI] 因为诗歌生成算法。 they're pretty simple and have existed. more or less. since the 1950s. [AI] 它们非常简单,并且已经存在。或多或少从20世纪50年代开始。 What we are doing with the Turing test for poetry. rather. [AI] 我们正在做的是图灵诗歌测试。相当地 is collecting opinions about what constitutes humanness. [AI] 正在收集关于什么是人性的观点。 So. what I've figured out. [AI] 所以我发现了什么。 we've seen this when earlier today. [AI] 今天早些时候我们已经看到了这一点。 we say that William Blake is more of a human [AI] 我们说威廉·布莱克更像一个人 than Gertrude Stein. [AI] 而不是格特鲁德·斯坦。 Of course. this doesn't mean that William Blake [AI] 当然这并不意味着威廉·布莱克 was actually more human [AI] 实际上更人性化 or that Gertrude Stein was more of a computer. [AI] 或者说格特鲁德·斯坦更像一台电脑。 It simply means that the category of the human is unstable. [AI] 这仅仅意味着人类的范畴是不稳定的。 This has led me to understand [AI] 这让我明白了 that the human is not a cold. hard fact. [AI] 人不是感冒。确凿的事实。 Rather. it is something that's constructed with our opinions [AI] 相当地这是由我们的意见构成的 and something that changes over time. [AI] 随着时间的推移会发生变化。 So my final insight is that the computer. more or less. [AI] 所以我最后的见解是计算机。或多或少 works like a mirror that reflects any idea of a human [AI] 它就像一面镜子,可以反映人类的任何想法 that we show it. [AI] 我们展示它。 We show it Emily Dickinson. [AI] 我们给它看艾米丽·迪金森。 it gives Emily Dickinson back to us. [AI] 它把艾米丽·迪金森还给了我们。 We show it William Blake. [AI] 我们给它看威廉·布莱克。 that's what it reflects back to us. [AI] 这就是它对我们的反映。 We show it Gertrude Stein. [AI] 我们给它看格特鲁德·斯坦。 what we get back is Gertrude Stein. [AI] 我们得到的是格特鲁德·斯坦。 More than any other bit of technology. [AI] 比任何其他技术都重要。 the computer is a mirror that reflects any idea of the human we teach it. [AI] 计算机是一面镜子,反映了我们教它的人的任何想法。 So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing [AI] 所以我相信你们很多人都听说了 a lot about artificial intelligence recently. [AI] 最近有很多关于人工智能的事情。 And much of the conversation is. [AI] 大部分对话都是这样的。 can we build it? [AI] 我们能建造它吗? Can we build an intelligent computer? [AI] 我们能造一台智能计算机吗? Can we build a creative computer? [AI] 我们能制造一台有创意的电脑吗? What we seem to be asking over and over [AI] 我们一遍又一遍地问 is can we build a human-like computer? [AI] 我们能造一台像人类一样的计算机吗? But what we've seen just now [AI] 但是我们刚才看到的 is that the human is not a scientific fact. [AI] 人类不是一个科学事实。 that it's an ever-shifting. concatenating idea [AI] 这是一个不断变化的过程。连接思想 and one that changes over time. [AI] 而且随着时间的推移会发生变化。 So that when we begin to grapple with the ideas [AI] 所以当我们开始与这些想法搏斗时 of artificial intelligence in the future. [AI] 未来的人工智能。 we shouldn't only be asking ourselves. [AI] 我们不应该只问自己。 "Can we build it?" [AI] “我们能建造它吗?” But we should also be asking ourselves. [AI] 但我们也应该问问自己。 "What idea of the human do we want to have reflected back to us?" [AI] “我们想把什么样的人类观念反映给我们?” This is an essentially philosophical idea. [AI] 这本质上是一种哲学思想。 and it's one that can't be answered with software alone. [AI] 这是单靠软件无法解决的问题。 but I think requires a moment of species-wide. existential reflection. [AI] 但我认为这需要在物种范围内进行片刻的研究。存在主义反思。 Thank you. [AI] 非常感谢。 (Applause) [AI] (掌声)

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