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仅做 整合 / 美化 处理
The sky is inherently democratic.
夜空，是人类与生俱来的共享资源。
It's accessible, in principle, anyway, by anyone, everywhere,
原则上来说，任何人、在任何地方， 都可以欣赏夜空的美——
just simply by the act of looking up.
你只需轻轻抬头仰望。
But like so many beautiful things around us,
然而，如同我们身边 很多其它美丽的事物一样，
it's slipping away from us, and we haven't even noticed,
夜空正在逐渐消逝， 而我们却未曾察觉，
because we're honestly not really looking.
因为，我们根本看都没看一眼。
So what do we look at instead?
那我们看的究竟事什么呢？
Well, we look at our phones, we look at our computers,
我们在看手机、玩电脑，
we look at screens of all kinds.
我们注视着各种各样的电子屏幕。
And honestly, we rarely even take the trouble
说实在的，我们甚至很少费心
to look up enough to see each other,
去抬头注视彼此，
let alone taking that next step to looking up at the actual sky.
更不要说走出房门、 抬头仰望真正的天空了。
Now, there's a tendency to think that the loss of our dark night skies
越来越多的人认为，
is the inevitable outcome of progress, change, technology.
夜空的消逝是科技进步、 社会发展的必然结果。
And you know, that's just simply not true.
但这并不是真正的原因。
Later on, I'll tell you why.
接下来，我将告诉你为什么。
But first, I want to tell you about my experience of the dark night sky.
首先，我想给你们讲讲 我自己有关夜空的经历。
I never saw a truly dark night sky until I was 15.
我直到十五岁时， 才见过真正的夜空。
I was here, in Arizona.
当时，我就在亚利桑那州。
I was on a road trip; I pulled over somewhere.
那是一次旅途，我们 在一个地方靠边停了车。
I have no idea where I was, except I know what state.
当时除了州名以外， 我对身在何处一无所知。
And I looked up,
就那么不经意地抬头一望，
and the sky was just filled with an impossible number of stars.
我看到了布满繁星的夜空！
You see, I'm from New York City,
想想看，我来自纽约，
and in New York, you can see the moon, you can see a couple of stars.
在那个城市，你只能看到 月亮和几颗“零星”，
More often than not, they turn out to be airplanes when they land.
而且通常当“零星”降落时， 你才发现，它们其实是飞机。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
But there's really not much else.
除此之外，也没什么其它东西了。
As a result, most of my colleagues who are astronomers
我的大多数天文学家同事们，
spent at least part of their youth looking up at the sky in their backyard.
至少都有过一段夜晚在 自家后院数星星的童年时光，
I never really had that experience,
而我，却从未有过那种经历。
and, as a result, I'm really disappointing on camping trips.
所以在露营旅途中， 我的表现令人大失所望：
I don't really know many constellations.
关于星座方面的知识极其有限，
The ones I do know, you probably know them, too.
而我所知道的为数不多的几个星座， 相信在座的各位也都耳熟能详。
But I'll never forget that experience
但我永远不会忘记
of the first time I saw the dark night sky.
平生第一次看到夜空的经历，
And I was just flabbergasted at how many stars there were.
那漫天的繁星深深震撼了我，
And I felt tiny.
让我感到自己无比渺小。
Then I also felt like, "Where's this been hiding this whole time?
接下来，我就有了这样的疑惑： 这些奇景一直以来被藏在了哪里？
Who's been hiding this sky from me?"
是谁藏匿了这样的天空？
Of course, the answer is obvious if you think about it
不过仔细一想， 答案其实显而易见，
or if you look at the picture on the left,
或者看一下左边的照片就明白了，
where you're seeing the same neighborhood taken during a blackout
这是同一街区停电时拍摄的夜空，
versus on an ordinary night.
右边是普通夜晚拍摄的夜空照片。
You can't see the stars if you drown them out with light.
当星星被灯光淹没时， 你自然就看不到它们。
Take a look at our planet.
现在请审视一下我们的地球，
This is our planet from space.
这是从太空拍摄的地球。
Unlike stars, which are hot and glow invisible light so we can see them,
恒星发出热量和不可见光， 所以我们能看到它们，
our planet is, astronomically speaking, pretty cold.
而地球与恒星不同， 从天文学上讲，地球很冷，
So it doesn't really glow.
所以其自身并不发光。
When you see the planet looking like a blue-green marble
当你看到图中展现的这颗
the way it does in this picture,
如蓝绿色大理石般的地球时，
you're seeing it because the sunlight is reflecting off of it,
你能看见它，是因为 它反射了太阳光的缘故。
and that's why you can see the oceans, the clouds, the land.
这也是为什么你能看到 海洋、云朵和陆地。
So if the sun wasn't shining on it,
也就是说，如果没有太阳的照射，
we wouldn't be able to see the earth, right?
我们就看不到地球了，对吗？
Or would we?
或者，我们依然能看到它？
This is our earth at night,
这是夜晚的地球，
and it is one of the most striking examples
这是人类在全球范围内
of how we have affected our planet on a global scale.
对地球造成显著影响的例子之一。
You can see light spidering out across the globe everywhere.
你可以看到光亮散播到了 全球的各个角落，
Now, of course, there are broad expanses of ocean that are still dark,
当然，现在广阔的海洋 依旧处于黑暗中，
and in many underdeveloped areas there's still darkness.
很多不发达的地区 看起来也是漆黑一片，
But you'll notice that this is a pretty global effect.
但你会发现这其实 已经成为了全球现象。
We tend to think, when we think of places being lit up,
当提到灯火通明的地方时， 我们总会想起那些最极端的例子，
of very extreme examples -- Times Square, the Vegas Strip.
比如时代广场、拉斯维加斯大道。
But really what that picture shows you
但那张整个地球的照明情况图片
is that it's not just these extreme examples,
显示的不仅仅是这几个极端个例，
it's anywhere that uses outdoor lighting.
而是任何使用户外照明的地方，
This tends to be a really dramatic effect on the ground.
这往往给地球表面 带来真正巨大的影响。
To understand why,
想知道为什么，
all you really have to do is think about the shape of a lightbulb.
你只需想想灯泡的形状。
The lightbulb, for all practical purposes,
为了实用的目的，
is more or less round.
灯泡基本上都是圆的。
This is great for its original intended purpose of lighting up the indoors.
这正符合它最初的 目的——室内照明，
You turn it on, light goes everywhere.
你打开灯，灯光照射到 房间的每个角落。
An individual light bulb can light up your whole room, more or less.
一个灯泡就能照亮整个房间， 只是明暗程度的差异。
Now, that's great if you're lighting the indoors,
如果你想照亮室内， 这确实非常有效；
but in its application in outdoor lighting,
但当我们用于室外照明时，
that traditional shape of the light bulb,
传统的灯泡形状，
the sort of globe that spreads light everywhere,
即那种向四周传播 光线的球形灯泡，
is actually very inefficient.
其实是十分低效的。
When you're outdoors, mostly what you care about
当你身处室外时，
is lighting the ground beneath you and your immediate surroundings.
你最关心的是照亮你 脚下的地面和周围的环境。
All of that light that gets scattered outwards and upwards
所有那些分散向外或向上的光，
doesn't actually help you light the area around you.
都并不能帮你有效地 照亮你周围的区域。
What it does is scatters up into the sky
它只是将光线散射到天空，
and becomes what we call "light pollution."
造成我们所说的“光污染”。
Even if you don't care anything about stargazing, this should worry you,
即使你不在意星象观测， 你也应该关心光污染，
because it means that 60-70% of the energy we use to light the outdoors
因为，它意味着我们用于 室外照明的60-70%的能量
is wasted by blotting out the stars.
被浪费在屏蔽夜晚的星光了。
Now, like I said, I'm a big fan of technology.
正如我所说的，我是个大科技迷，
Obviously, I use technology every day; I'm a scientist.
作为一个科学家，显然 每天我都使用高科技。
And there's this tendency to say that it's progress that --
大家倾向于认为这是进步——
you know, I'm not suggesting we're going to all go live by candlelight.
我并非建议大家在烛光下生活。
Indeed, technology is allowing us to access the sky
确实，科技使我们能够接近天空，
in ways that are impossible otherwise.
用一种只有科技能够做到的方式，
One of the greatest examples of this is, of course, the Hubble Space Telescope.
当然，最伟大的例子 就是哈勃太空望远镜。
The Hubble went up into space, it returns pictures daily,
哈勃望远镜被发射进入太空， 每天都传回大量照片，
and it allows us to see things
让我们看到太空的事物，
that we are incapable of seeing with our naked eye,
这些都是我们肉眼所看不到的，
in ways that we've never been able to do before in all of human history.
在人类历史的任何阶段， 我们都从没这么做过。
Other examples of this would be planetarium shows.
其它类似的例子 当然还有天体展示。
In the past couple of years, planetarium shows have become more high-tech
在过去的几年里，借助 这些超棒的可视化信息，
with these great visualizations,
天体展示变得越来越高科技化，
and even though this isn't access directly to the sky,
即使这并不是直接亲身接触天空，
it's at least access to our knowledge about the sky.
但至少让我们获得了 关于天空的知识。
And indeed, we can experience the sky in a planetarium
的确，我们可以在天文馆体验那种
in a way that is impossible for us to do
坐在室外、望向漆黑的夜空
just sitting out and looking in the dark.
所体验不到的感觉。
All of you have heard of the Hubble Space Telescope and of planetariums.
你们大概都听说过 哈勃太空望远镜和天文馆。
But there are also ways for technology to enable participation
但是也有一些技术可以
in people's experience of the sky
让人们参与到关于天空的、
that you may not be familiar with.
你可能不熟悉的体验中，
These are called "citizen science projects."
这就是所谓的“平民科学项目”。
Citizen science is when large research projects put their data online,
平民科学是一个大的项目， 他们把数据放到互联网上，
teach ordinary people, like you, to go and interact with that data
教像在座各位这样的普通人 去与数据进行交互，
and actually contribute to the research
通过给数据添加 有趣或必要的特征，
by making interesting or necessary characterizations about it.
进而对研究做出贡献。
One such example of this is what I'm showing here, called "Galaxy Zoo."
类似的例子就是我现在 展示的“银河动物园”项目。
Galaxy Zoo is a project
银河动物园项目是这样的：
where people get a 20-minute -- even less than that, actually -- tutorial
人们经过20分钟的指导—— 实际上少于20分钟——
on how to interact with these images of galaxies.
学习关于如何与这些 星系的图像进行交互。
They learn to annotate the images,
他们学习为图像做注释，
and within a couple of minutes, they're up and running,
在几分钟内， 他们就能着手开始工作，
and they're making really useful categorizations
而且真正能够对这些星系
and classifications of these galaxies.
进行有用的归类和划分。
Now, it's easy to understand
很容易就能理解
why Galaxy Zoo would be an easy sell for people to be involved with:
为何“银河动物园”很容易 被参与其中的人所接受：
it involves pretty pictures;
它包含了漂亮的图片；
galaxies are, generally speaking, pretty attractive.
通常来说，星系的确很吸引人。
However, there are many other flavors of citizen science projects
然而，还有很多其他 类型的平民科学项目，
that people have delved into
人们探究过的这些项目
that have varying levels of abstraction,
抽象程度各不相同，
that you wouldn't necessarily think people would jump at.
你会觉得人们不太会 立刻参与这些项目。
One such example of this is the citizen science project
一个类似的例子就是 与我参加的任务
associated with the mission that I'm part of,
相关的一个平民科学项目，
called the Kepler Mission.
叫做“开普勒任务”。
Kepler is a space telescope and it looks for planets around other stars
开普勒是一个太空望远镜， 它通过精确测量恒星的光线（变化）
by measuring the light from those stars very precisely.
来寻找恒星周围的行星。
And we're looking for the dimmings
我们在寻找恒星因为光线被 （围绕其运转的行星）
caused by stars blocking off some of that light.
阻挡而发生的微暗现象。
We have an associated citizen science project called "Planet Hunters."
我们有一个与此相关的 “行星猎手”平民科学项目。
Planet Hunters gives you, like Galaxy Zoo, a short tutorial,
类似于银河动物园， 这个项目也会提供给你一个短教程，
and within a couple of minutes, you're up and running;
几分钟之后，你就可以开始工作；
you're looking at data from the Kepler Mission
你需要观察来自 开普勒任务的数据，
and looking for planets.
并寻找行星。
The idea behind this is an easy sell, right?
背后的想法很容易被接受，对吗？
But the actual process of planet-hunting involves a lot of looking at graphs,
但探索行星的实际过程 包含对大量图表进行观察分析，
like the one I'm showing you here, and annotating them.
就像这里我向你们展示的一样， 需要去分析和注释它们。
I do this all day and that doesn't even sound that interesting to me.
我整天都做这些工作， 所以已经不觉得那么有趣了。
However, not only are people interested in doing this,
然而，人们不仅对此很感兴趣，
but the citizen scientists that work with Planet Hunters
而且参与‘’行星猎手‘’ 项目的平民科学家们
have actually found planets in the data
在数据中真的发现了行星，
that would have gone undiscovered otherwise.
多亏了他们，才不至于 错失发现这些行星的机会。
This is an author list from the paper that they published
这是他们发表的关于 所发现行星论文中的
of the planet they discovered.
作者列表。
You'll see that all the people who contributed are listed below,
你会看到，所有对此做出贡献的 人们都在以下名单中列出，
and it's sort of an odd amalgam of people's real names
名单有点像人们真实姓名
and their log-in names.
和他们登录名的奇怪组合。
You'll notice if you look carefully, this is the first academic acknowledgment
如果仔细观察，你会发现 这是学术圈第一次认可
of the importance of Irish coffee in the discovery process.
爱尔兰咖啡在发现 行星过程中的重要性。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
I don't want to give you the idea that these are some out-of-work scientists
我不想给你这样的错觉， 以为这些只是一些失业的科学家
or just a bunch of nerds that are really into this.
或一些书呆子才会痴迷的项目，
There are 60,000 people who participate in these projects,
其实，一共有6万人 参与了这些项目，
and most of them don't have technical backgrounds.
其中大部分人都没有技术背景。
So clearly, what this is feeding into is people's curiosity
显然，人们参与其中 是因为好奇心驱使，
and their willingness to be part of the scientific discovery process.
还有他们参与科学 发现过程的意愿。
People want to do this.
人们想去做这样的事情。
But all of this technology
但是所有这些技术，
and all these digitally mediated ways of experiencing the sky
以及所有这些体验 天空的数码媒介方式，
still have something of a feel to me like looking at an animal in a zoo.
仍带给我一种像在 动物园看动物的感觉。
It's a valid way of experiencing that thing --
这是体验天空的有效方式，
indeed, the lion in the cage is still real,
确实，笼里的狮子依旧是真实的，
the Hubble images are indeed real,
哈勃图片也确实是真实的，
and you can get closer to a lion in a zoo than you can in the wild.
而且，你在动物园里 比在野外更接近狮子。
However, it's missing something.
然而，这里缺少了一些东西，
It's missing that savage beauty
缺少你在野外
of experiencing that very thing in the wild for yourself,
亲身体验到的那种野性之美，
unmediated by a screen.
未曾经过荧屏这层媒介。
The experience of looking up
仰望天空，
and knowing that the sky you're looking at surrounds every known living thing
并认识到你正观看的天空
in the universe
包围着宇宙中所有的已知生物，
is very profound.
这种感受意义深远。
Think about that for a moment.
试想一下，
We are the only planet we know of that has life on it.
我们是唯一已知的 存在生命的星球。
The sky that you see is shared by every other living thing
你所看到的天空，
that we know of in existence.
是与已知世间万物共享的，
One of the things that I really like about my work
我真正喜欢自己职业的一点是，
is that it allows me to step back from my every day
它让我抛开日常的生活，
and to experience the larger context,
去体验更丰富的内涵，
this feeling that just as we go out and try to find planets in the universe
这种感觉就好像我们 遨游宇宙去寻找新的行星，
that might be like ours,
可能和地球一样的星球，
it always reminds me of how precious what we have here is.
这总是提醒我现在的 生活有多么珍贵。
Our night sky is like a natural resource,
我们的夜空就像自然资源，
it's as though it's a park that you can visit
就像一个无须经历旅游劳顿
without ever having to travel there.
就可以参观的公园。
But like any natural resource,
但是，就像其他的自然资源一样，
if we don't protect it, if we don't preserve it and treasure it,
如果我们不去保护它、 保存它和珍惜它，
it will slip away from us and be gone.
它将会从我们身边消失。
So if you're interested in this,
因此，如果你们对此感兴趣，
and this is something you want to learn more about,
如果这也是你想多了解的东西，
I encourage you in particular to visit darksky.org
我特别鼓励你们去访问 网站"darksky.org"，
and to learn more about the choices you can make
去学习更多关于你能做出的选择，
that can protect the dark night sky,
来保护夜空，
because it belongs to everyone, it belongs to all of us,
因为它属于每个人， 属于我们所有人，
and therefore, it's ours to experience as we wish.
所以，我们根据 自己的愿望去行动，
And it's also ours to lose.
成败的责任，都在于我们自己。
Thank you.
谢谢！
(Applause)
(掌声)