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仅做 整合 / 美化 处理
As an elementary school teacher,
作为一名小学教师，
my mom did everything she could to ensure I had good reading skills.
我母亲竭尽所能以确保 我有良好的阅读能力。
This usually consisted of weekend reading lessons at our kitchen table
她通常在周末时在餐桌前教我阅读，
while my friends played outside.
而此时我的朋友们在外玩耍。
My reading ability improved,
我的阅读能力提高了，
but these forced reading lessons didn't exactly inspire a love of reading.
但这种强迫式的阅读教学 并没有激发我对阅读的热爱。
High school changed everything.
到高中时，这一切改变了。
In 10th grade, my regular English class read short stories and did spelling tests.
在十年级时，我的常规英文课要求 阅读短篇故事和测试拼写。
Out of sheer boredom, I asked to be switched into another class.
因为感觉实在无聊， 我要求转去另一门课。
The next semester, I joined advanced English.
在下一个学期， 我加入了高阶英语课。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
We read two novels and wrote two book reports that semester.
那学期，我们要读两本小说 并写两篇读书报告。
The drastic difference and rigor between these two English classes
这两门英语课之间的 巨大差异和严格程度
angered me and spurred questions like,
让我很生气也引发了像这样的问题，
"Where did all these white people come from?"
“这些白人是从哪来的？”
(Laughter)
（笑声）
My high school was over 70 percent black and Latino,
黑裔和拉丁美洲裔学生 在我的高中占学生总数的70%，
but this advanced English class had white students everywhere.
但这门高阶英语课上遍布着白人学生
This personal encounter with institutionalized racism
这样的制度化种族主义的个人遭遇
altered my relationship with reading forever.
永久地改变了我与阅读的关系。
I learned that I couldn't depend on a school, a teacher or curriculum
我发现我不能依赖于一个学校， 一位老师或课程
to teach me what I needed to know.
来教我那些我需要知道的。
And more out of like, rebellion, than being intellectual,
主要因为叛逆，而非理智，
I decided I would no longer allow other people to dictate
我决定我再也不会让其他人来决定
when and what I read.
我应该在何时阅读以及阅读什么。
And without realizing it, I had stumbled upon a key
我已偶然发现了一把帮助孩子阅读的钥匙，
to helping children read.
虽然我当时并没有意识到这一点。
Identity.
那就是认同。
Instead of fixating on skills
不应只专注于技能
and moving students from one reading level to another,
和将学生从一个阅读级别 升到下一级，
or forcing struggling readers to memorize lists of unfamiliar words,
或逼迫阅读有困难的学生 去记忆不熟悉的字列，
we should be asking ourselves this question:
我们应当问我们自己这个问题：
How can we inspire children to identify as readers?
我们如何启发孩子们 认同自己是阅读者？
DeSean, a brilliant first-grader I taught in the Bronx,
迪翔，一位我在布朗克斯区教过的 聪明的一年级学生，
he helped me understand how identity shapes learning.
他帮助我懂得了 认同感如何塑造学习行为。
One day during math, I walk up to DeSean, and I say,
有一天在数学课上， 我走向迪翔，说，
"DeSean, you're a great mathematician."
”迪翔，你是个很棒的数学家。“
He looks at me and responds,
他看着我回答说，
"I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"
”我不是个数学家， 我是个数学天才！“
(Laughter)
（笑声）
OK DeSean, right?
好吧，迪翔，是吧？
Reading?
阅读呢？
Completely different story.
情形完全不同。
"Mr. Irby, I can't read.
他说：“尔比先生，我不会阅读。
I'm never going to learn to read," he would say.
我永远也学不会阅读。"
I taught DeSean to read,
我教会了迪翔去阅读，
but there are countless black boys who remain trapped in illiteracy.
但有无数黑人男孩们仍然是文盲。
According to the US Department of Education,
根据美国教育部统计，
more than 85 percent of black male fourth graders
超过85%的四年级黑人学生
are not proficient in reading.
不擅长阅读。
85 percent!
85%！
The more challenges to reading children face,
孩子们面对的阅读挑战越多，
the more culturally competent educators need to be.
教育者们所需要的文化能力越高。
Moonlighting as a stand-up comedian for the past eight years,
在过去八年兼职做喜剧演员时，
I understand the importance of cultural competency,
我了解到文化能力的重要性，
which I define as the ability to translate
我认为这种能力可以把
what you want someone else to know or be able to do
你想要别人知道或能够做到的，
into communication or experiences that they find relevant and engaging.
翻译成他们认为与之有关 且愿意参与的交流或体验。
Before going on stage, I assess an audience.
在上台之前，我会评估观众。
Are they white, are they Latino?
他们是白人？拉丁美洲人？
Are they old, young, professional, conservative?
他们年长、年轻、专业、还是保守？
Then I curate and modify my jokes
然后我会策划和修改我的笑话
based on what I think would generate the most laughter.
依据我对怎样能 引发更多笑声的考量。
While performing in a church, I could tell bar jokes.
我在教堂表演时可以说个酒吧笑话。
But that might not result in laughter.
但可能根本没人会笑。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
As a society, we're creating reading experiences for children
在社会环境中， 我们为孩子们创造阅读体验
that are the equivalent of telling bar jokes in a church.
就像是在教堂里讲酒吧笑话。
And then we wonder why so many children don't read.
然后我们纳闷 为什么这么多孩子不阅读。
Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire
教育家兼哲学家保罗·弗莱雷
believed that teaching and learning should be two-way.
相信教和学应该是双向的。
Students shouldn't be viewed as empty buckets to be filled with facts
学生们不应被看作是 需要被填满事实的空桶，
but as cocreators of knowledge.
而应是知识的共同创作者。
Cookie-cutter curriculums and school policies
一刀切的课程和学校政策
that require students to sit statue-still
要求学生端坐
or to work in complete silence --
或保持安静——
these environments often exclude the individual learning needs,
这些环境通常抑制了 孩子们的个体学习需求、
the interest and expertise of children.
兴趣和专长。
Especially black boys.
尤其是黑人男孩们。
Many of the children's books promoted to black boys
很多给黑人男孩的儿童书籍
focus on serious topics, like slavery, civil rights and biographies.
都聚焦在诸如奴隶制、 公民权利和传记这样的严肃主题。
Less than two percent of teachers in the United States are black males.
黑人男性在美国教师中 占比不到2%。
And a majority of black boys are raised by single mothers.
大多数黑人男孩由单亲母亲抚养。
There are literally young black boys who have never seen a black man reading.
甚至还有黑人男孩 从来没见过一个黑人男性阅读。
Or never had a black man encourage him to read.
或从来没有被一个黑人男性 去鼓励阅读。
What cultural factors, what social cues are present
有什么文化因素、社会诱因
that would lead a young black boy to conclude
来使得一个黑人男孩觉得
that reading is even something he should do?
阅读是一件他应该做的事？
This is why I created Barbershop Books.
这是为什么我创立了理发店书籍 （Barbershop Books）。
It's a literacy nonprofit
这是一个扫盲的非营利组织
that creates child-friendly reading spaces in barber shops.
旨在理发店里 创造对孩子们友好的阅读空间。
The mission is simple:
使命很简单：
to help young black boys identify as readers.
就是帮助年少的黑人男孩 认同自己是阅读者。
Lots of black boys go to the barber shop once or twice a month.
很多黑人男孩每月去理发店一两次。
Some see their barbers more than they see their fathers.
有些孩子见到理发师的次数 比见到他们父亲的次数还多。
Barbershop Books connects reading to a male-centered space
理发店连接着阅读 和以男性为主导的空间
and involves black men and boys' early reading experiences.
并让黑人男性参与到 男孩早期阅读体验中。
This identity-based reading program
这个基于认同的阅读计划
uses a curated list of children's books recommended by black boys.
使用由黑人男孩推荐的 儿童书籍清单。
These are the books that they actually want to read.
这些是他们想要去读的书。
Scholastic's 2016 Kids and Family Report
学者出版社（Scholastic） 2016年的儿童与家庭报告
found that the number one thing children look for when choosing a book
发现孩子们在选书时首先会找
is a book that will make them laugh.
让他们发笑的书。
So if we're serious about helping black boys and other children to read
所以如果我们真要帮助 黑人男孩和其他孩子去主动阅读，
when it's not required,
而不是强迫阅读时，
we need to incorporate relevant male reading models
我们需要将相关的男性阅读模型
into early literacy
融入到早期识字学习中。
and exchange some of the children's books that adults love so much
有些儿童书籍成人们也非常喜欢
for funny, silly or even gross books, like "Gross Greg".
那些有趣、愚蠢、甚至恶心的书， 像《恶心的格雷》（Gross Greg）
(Laughter)
（笑声）
"You call them boogers. Greg calls them delicious little sugars."
”你称它为鼻屎。 格雷称它为美味的小糖。“
(Laughter)
（笑声）
That laugh, that positive reaction
那些笑声、正面的反应
or gross reaction some of you just had,
或你们有些人觉得恶心的反应，
(Laughter)
（笑声）
black boys deserve and desperately need more of that.
黑人男孩应该有，并迫切需要更多。
Dismantling the savage inequalities that plague American education
消除困扰着美国教育的野蛮不平等
requires us to create reading experiences
需要我们创造阅读体验
that inspire all children to say three words:
来激发所有孩子们说出这些词：
I'm a reader.
我是阅读者。
Thank you.
谢谢。
(Applause)
（掌声）