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【TED】品牌设计大师:细节是设计的灵魂

 

The Philippines: an idyllic country [AI] 菲律宾:一个田园诗般的国家 with some of the clearest water and bluest skies on the planet. [AI] 有着地球上最清澈的水和最蓝的天空。 It is also the epicenter [AI] 它也是震中 of one of the fastest-growing HIV epidemics in the world. [AI] 这是世界上增长最快的艾滋病毒流行病之一。 On the surface. it seems as if we are just a late bloomer. [AI] 表面上看。似乎我们只是一个晚熟的人。 However. the reasons for our current epidemic [AI] 然而我们目前流行的原因是什么 are much more complicated [AI] 要复杂得多 and may foreshadow a global resurgence of HIV. [AI] 并可能预示着全球艾滋病病毒的死灰复燃。 While overall new cases of HIV continue to drop in the world. [AI] 而全世界新的艾滋病毒感染病例继续下降。 this trend may be short-lived [AI] 这一趋势可能是短暂的 when the next wave of more aggressive and resistant viruses arrive. [AI] 当下一波更具攻击性和抵抗力的病毒到来时。 HIV has a potential to transform itself into a new and different virus [AI] 艾滋病毒有可能转变成一种新的和不同的病毒 every time it infects a cell. [AI] 每次它感染一个细胞。 Despite the remarkable progress we've made in reversing the epidemic. [AI] 尽管我们在扭转疫情方面取得了显著进展。 the truth is that we are just a few viral mutations away from disaster. [AI] 事实是,我们离灾难只有几次病毒突变。 To appreciate the profound way in which HIV transforms itself [AI] 欣赏艾滋病毒自我转化的深刻方式 every time it reproduces. [AI] 每次它繁殖。 let's make a genetic comparison. [AI] 让我们做一个基因比较。 If we look at the DNA variation among humans of different races [AI] 如果我们观察不同种族的人类之间的DNA变异 from different continents. [AI] 来自不同的大陆。 the actual DNA difference is only 0.1 percent. [AI] 实际的DNA差异只有0.1%。 If we look at the genetic difference [AI] 如果我们看一下基因差异 between humans. great apes. and rhesus macaques. [AI] 人与人之间。大猩猩。和恒河猴。 that number is seven percent. [AI] 这个数字是百分之七。 In contrast. the genetic difference between HIV subtypes [AI] 相反HIV亚型之间的遗传差异 from different patients [AI] 来自不同的病人 may be as much as 35 percent. [AI] 可能高达35%。 Within a person infected with HIV. [AI] 在感染艾滋病毒的人体内。 the genetic difference between an infecting mother virus [AI] 感染的母病毒之间的遗传差异 and subsequent daughter viruses [AI] 和随后的子病毒 has been shown to be as much as five percent. [AI] 已经证明高达百分之五。 This is the equivalent of a gorilla giving birth to a chimpanzee. [AI] 这相当于大猩猩产下了黑猩猩。 then to an orangutan. [AI] 然后是一只猩猩。 then to a baboon. [AI] 然后是狒狒。 then to any random great ape within its lifetime. [AI] 然后是任何一只随机出现的大猩猩。 There are nearly 100 subtypes of HIV. [AI] 艾滋病毒有近100种亚型。 with new subtypes being discovered regularly. [AI] 定期发现新的亚型。 HIV in the developed world is almost all of one subtype: [AI] 发达国家的艾滋病毒几乎都是一种亚型: subtype B. [AI] B亚型。 Mostly everything we know and do to treat HIV [AI] 主要是我们所知道和做的治疗HIV的一切 is based on studies on subtype B. [AI] 基于对B亚型的研究。 even though it only accounts for 12 percent [AI] 尽管只占12% of the total number of cases of HIV in the world. [AI] 占全世界艾滋病毒感染者总数的40%。 But because of the profound genetic difference [AI] 但是由于基因的巨大差异 among different subtypes. [AI] 在不同的亚型中。 some subtypes are more likely to become drug-resistant [AI] 某些亚型更有可能产生耐药性 or progress to AIDS faster. [AI] 或者进展得更快。 We discovered that the explosion of HIV cases in the Philippines [AI] 我们发现,在菲律宾,艾滋病病毒感染病例呈爆炸式增长 is due to a shift from the Western subtype B [AI] 是由于从西方B亚型转变而来 to a more aggressive Southeast Asian subtype AE. [AI] 更具侵略性的东南亚亚型AE。 We are seeing younger and sicker patients [AI] 我们看到的是更年轻、病情更严重的患者 with high rates of drug resistance. [AI] 耐药率高。 Initial encroachment of this subtype [AI] 该亚型的初始侵犯 is already occurring in developed countries. [AI] 发达国家已经出现了这种情况。 including Australia. Canada and the United States. [AI] 包括澳大利亚。加拿大和美国。 We may soon see a similar explosion of cases in these countries. [AI] 我们可能很快会在这些国家看到类似的病例爆炸。 And while we think that HIV is done [AI] 虽然我们认为HIV病毒已经感染了 and that the tide has turned for it. [AI] 潮流已经转向了。 just like with real tides. it can come right back. [AI] 就像真实的潮汐一样。它可以马上回来。 In the early 1960s. malaria was on the ropes. [AI] 20世纪60年代初。疟疾已岌岌可危。 As the number of cases dropped. [AI] 随着案件数量的下降。 people and governments stopped paying attention. [AI] 人民和政府不再关注。 The result was a deadly resurgence of drug-resistant malaria. [AI] 结果是耐药性疟疾死灰复燃。 We need to think of HIV [AI] 我们需要考虑艾滋病毒 not as a single virus that we think we've figured out. [AI] 不是我们认为我们已经发现的单一病毒。 but as a collection of rapidly evolving and highly unique viruses. [AI] 但是作为一个快速进化和高度独特的病毒的集合。 each of which can set off the next deadly epidemic. [AI] 每一种都可能引发下一次致命的流行病。 We are incorporating more powerful and new tools [AI] 我们正在整合更强大的新工具 to help us detect the next deadly HIV strain. [AI] 帮助我们发现下一个致命的HIV病毒株。 and this needs to go hand in hand with urgent research [AI] 这需要与紧迫的研究齐头并进 on the behavior and proper treatment of non-B subtypes. [AI] 关于非B亚型的行为和适当治疗。 We need to convince our governments [AI] 我们需要说服我们的政府 and our funding agencies [AI] 以及我们的资助机构 that HIV is not yet done. [AI] 艾滋病毒尚未感染。 Over 35 million people have died of HIV. [AI] 超过3500万人死于艾滋病毒。 We are on the verge of an AIDS-free generation. [AI] 我们即将迎来无艾滋病的一代。 We need to pay attention. [AI] 我们需要注意。 We need to remain vigilant [AI] 我们需要保持警惕 and follow through. [AI] 并坚持到底。 Otherwise. millions more will die. [AI] 否则还有数百万人将死去。 Thank you. [AI] 非常感谢。 (Applause) [AI] (掌声)

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